European Space Agency:
PhD Internship in XR for Space Exploration (2025)
During my PhD, I spent six months embedded in the European Space Agency’s Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration. There, my work centred on researching new applications of XR to support the future of space exploration and covered multiple strands of research and development:
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In collaboration with planetary scientists at ESA’s VULCAN facility, I developed an end-to-end pipeline for creating physically based lunar materials, combining photometric stereo capture of regolith simulants with a custom Unreal Engine Substrate shader library that models the Moon’s unique photometric behaviours.
The results were peer reviewed and published as a single-author poster at SIGGRAPH Asia 2025.
- I authored an article-length state-of-the-art review and requirements-definition whitepaper that laid the groundwork for an adaptive XR human–machine interface (HMI) for ground controllers at the LUNA Analog Facility, working closely with colleagues in ESA’s XR Lab in Cologne and the Simulation and Modelling Excellence team in Noordwijk.
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I contributed to a cross-directorate working group developing concepts for autonomous robotic technology demonstrators for a planned ESA lunar mission in 2031. These concepts were presented to ESA leadership and national delegations at the ESA Ministerial Council in November 2025.
©2025 Maximiliano (Maki) Wardle